Baha'i World Faith: Selected Writings of Baha'u'llah and Abdu'l-Baha

• "Every discerning observer will recognize in the Dispensation of the Qur'an both the Book and the Cause of Jesus were confirmed. As to the matter of names, Muhammad, Himself, declared: 'I am Jesus.'" - Why the People Have Denied God, 15
• "The Bearers of the Truth of God are made manifest unto the peoples of the earth as the Exponents of a new Cause and the Revealers of a new Message. Inasmuch as these Birds of the celestial Throne are all sent down from the heaven of the Will of God...they, therefore, are regarded as one soul and the same person." - Oneness of the Prophets, 21-2
• "Beware, O believers in the Unity of God, lest ye be tempted to make any distinctions between any of the Manifestations of His Cause, or to discriminate against the signs that have accompanied and proclaimed their Revelation. This indeed is the true meaning of Divine Unity" - The Meaning of True Unity, 27
• "Every age hath its own problem, and every soul its particular aspiration. The remedy the world needeth in its present-day afflictions can never be the same as that which a subsequent age may require." - The Remedy the World Needeth, 36
• "That which the Lord hath ordained as the sovereign remedy and mightiest instrument for the healing of all the world is the union of all its people in one universal Cause, one common Faith." - Tablets to the Kings, 58
• "the world is like the vapor in a desert, which the thirsty dreameth to be water and striveth after it with all his might, until when he cometh unto it, he findeth it to be mere illusion." - Tablet to the People, 68
• "All men have been created to carry forward an ever-advancing civilization. The Almighty beareth Me witness: To act like the beasts of the field is unworthy of man." - An Ever-Advancing Civilization, 114
• "Forget your own selves, and turn your eyes towards your neighbor. Bend your energies to whatever may foster the education of men." - The Flood of Grace, 126
• "Liberty causeth man to overstep the bounds of propriety, and to infringe on the dignity of his station." - True Liberty, 137
• "O Son of Man! Should prosperity befall thee, rejoice not, and should abasement come upon thee, grieve not, for both shall pass away and be no more." - The Hidden Words, 162
• "Languages must be reduced to one, and that one language must be taught in all the schools of the world." - Tablet of the World, 176
• "Although a republican form of government profits all the people of the world, yet the majesty of kingship is one of the signs of God. We do not wish that the countries of the world should be deprived thereof. If statesmen combine the two into one form, their reward will be great before God." - The Glad-Tidings, 196
• "Glory is not his who loves his own country, but glory is his who loves his kind." - The Sixth Ishraq, 199
• "This is the century of new and universal nationhood. Sciences have advanced, industries have progressed, politics have been reformed, liberty has been proclaimed, justice is awakening. This is the century of motion, divine stimulus and accomplishment; the century of human solidarity and altruistic service; the century of Universal Peace and the reality of the divine kingdom." - Religion is Progressive, 228
• "If religious beliefs and opinions are found contrary to the standards of science they are mere superstitions and imaginations" - Man and Nature, 240
• "As the rich man enjoys his life surrounded by ease and luxuries, so the poor man must likewise have a home and be provided with sustenance and comforts commensurate with his needs." - Man and Nature, 240
• "A universal or international House of Justice shall also be organized...This international House of Justice shall be appointed and organized from the Houses of Justice of the whole world, and all the world shall come under its administration." - Teachings of Baha'u'llah, 248
• "The immortality of the spirit is mentioned in the Holy Books; it is the fundamental basis of the divine religions." - The Immortality of the Spirit, 323

Debt: The First 5,000 Years by David Graeber

• "Arguments about who really owes what to whom have played a central role in shaping our basic vocabulary of right and wrong." - 8
• "it begins to be clear why there are no societies based on barter. Such a society could only be one in which everybody was an inch away from everybody else's throat; but nonetheless hovering there, poised to strike but never actually striking, forever." - 33
• "there is good reason to believe that barter is not a particularly ancient phenomenon at all, but has only really become widespread in modern times. Certainly in most of the cases we know about, it takes place between people who are familiar with the use of money, but for one reason or another, don't have a lot of it around." - 37
• "We did not begin with barter, discover money, and then eventually develop credit systems. It happened precisely the other way around. What we now call virtual money came first. Coins came much later, and their use spread only unevenly, never completely replacing credit systems. Barter, in turn, appears to be largely a kind of accidental byproduct of the use of coinage or paper money" - 40
• Adam "Smith was trying to make a similar, Newtonian argument. God -- or Divine Providence, as he put it -- had arranged matters in such a way that our pursuit of self-interest would nonetheless, given an unfettered market, be guided 'as if by an invisible hand' to promote the general welfare. Smith's famous invisible hand was, as he says in his Theory of Moral Sentiments, the agent of Divine Providence. It was literally the hand of God." - 44
• "whatever the state was willing to accept, for that reason, became currency." - 49
• "Keynesian orthodoxy started from the assumption that capitalist markets would not really work unless capitalist governments were willing effectively to play nanny: most famously, by engaging in massive deficit 'pump-priming' during downturns." - 53
• "Governments use taxes to create money, and they are able to do so because they have become the guardians of the debt that all citizens have to one another. This debt is the essence of society itself. It exists long before money and markets, and money and markets themselves are simply ways of chopping pieces of it up." - 56
• "If taxes represent our absolute debt to the society that created us, then the first step toward creating real money comes when we start calculating much more specific debts to society, systems of fines, fees, and penalties, or even debts we owe to specific individuals who we have wronged in some way" - 59-60
• "States created markets. Markets require states. Neither could continue without the other, at least, in anything like the forms we would recognize today." - 71
• "Redemption was a release from one's burden of sin and guilt, and the end of history would be that moment when all slates are wiped clean and all debts finally lifted....If so, 'redemption' is no longer about buying something back. It's really more a matter of destroying the entire system of accounting." - 82
• "One might even say that it's one of the scandals of capitalism that most capitalist firms, internally, operate communistically." - 96
• "Exchange allows us to cancel out our debts. It gives us a way to call it even: hence, to end the relationship." - 104
• "middle-class society has to be endlessly recreated, as a kind of constant flickering game of shadows, the criss-crossing of an infinity of momentary debt relations, each one almost instantly cancelled out." - 124
• "historically, war, states, and markets all tend to feed off one another. Conquest leads to taxes. Taxes tend to be ways to create markets, which are convenient for soldiers and administrators." - 179
• "Rather than institutionalize periodic amnesties, Greek cities tended to adopt legislation limiting or abolishing debt peonage altogether, and then, to forestall future crises, they would turn to a policy of expansion, shipping off the children of the poor to found military colonies overseas." - 187
• "As much as it flies in the face of our stereotypes about the origins of 'Western' freedoms, women in democratic Athens, unlike those of Persia or Syria, were expected to wear veils when they ventured out in public." - 188
• "Those who have argued that we are the natural owners of our rights and liberties have been mainly interested in asserting that we should be free to give them away, or even sell them." - 206
• "Bullion predominates, above all, in periods of generalized violence...Gold and silver coins are distinguished from credit arrangements by one spectacular feature: they can be stolen." - 213
• "By Medieval standards, India was unusual for resisting the appeal of the great Axial Age religions, but we observe the basic pattern: the decline of empire, armies, and cash economy, the rise of religious authorities, independent of the state, who win much of their popular legitimacy through their ability to regulate emerging credit systems. China might be said to represent the opposite extreme. This was the one place where a late Axial Age attempt to yoke empire and religion together was a complete success." - 258
• "Over the course of the Middle Ages, the Indian Ocean effectively became a Muslim lake. Muslim traders appear to have played a key role in establishing the principle that kings and their armies should keep their quarrels on dry land; the seas were to be a zone of peaceful commerce." - 277
• "Italian bankers ultimately managed to free themselves from the threat of expropriation by themselves taking over governments, and by doing so, acquiring their own court systems (capable of enforcing contracts) and even more critically, their own armies." - 291
• "Aristotle had argued that gold and silver had no intrinsic value in themselves, and that money therefore was just a social convention, invented by human communities to facilitate exchange. Since it had 'come about by agreement, therefore it is within our power to change it or render it useless' if we all decide that that's what we want to do." - 298
• "The legal idea of a corporation as a 'fictive person' (persona ficta)...was first established in canon law by Pope Innocent IV in 1250 AD, and one of the first kinds of entities it applied to were monasteries -- as also to universities, churches, municipalities, and guilds." - 304
• "The moment when Vasco de Gama entered the Indian Ocean in 1498, the principle that the seas should be a zone of peaceful trade came to an immediate end. Portuguese flotillas began bombarding and sacking every port city they came across, then seizing control of strategic points and extorting protection money from unarmed Indian Ocean merchants for the right to carry on their business unmolested." - 311
• "The story of the origins of capitalism, then, is not the story of the gradual destruction of traditional communities by the impersonal power of the market. It is, rather, the story of how an economy of credit was converted into an economy of interest" - 332
• "Some appealed to alchemy to argue that the monetary status of gold and silver had a natural basis: gold (which partook of the sun) and silver (which partook of the moon) were the perfected, eternal forms of metal toward which all baser metals tend to evolve." - 336-7
• "It soon became apparent that financial speculation, unmoored from any legal or community restraints, was capable of producing results that seemed to verge on insanity. The Dutch Republic, which pioneered the development of stock markets, had already experienced this in the tulip mania of 1637 -- the first of a series of speculative 'bubbles'" - 341
• "Almost all the bubbles of the eighteenth century involved some fantastic scheme to use the proceeds of colonial ventures to pay for European wars. Paper money was debt money, and debt money was war money, and this has always remained the case." - 346
• "there may be a deeper, more profound relation between gambling and apocalypse. Capitalism is a system that enshrines the gambler as the essential part of its operation, in a way that no other ever has; yet at the same time, capitalism seems to be uniquely incapable of conceiving of its own eternity." - 357

The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia by Peter Hopkirk - Chs. 23-37

Chapter 23 - The Great Russian Advance Begins

• 1856: "the Second Opium War, the so-called Arrow War, between Britain and Chine...Following their victory, the British had made various demands of the Emperor, to which he had reluctantly agreed. These included the right of European powers to have diplomats residing in Peking, the opening of more ports to foreign trade, and the payment of a huge indemnity to Britain." - 298
• "the hawks at the top [of Russian bureaucracy] had an unexpected ally in Otto von Bismarck, then Prussian ambassador to St Petersburg, and soon to become his country's chief minister and the architect of the German Empire. Believing that the more the Russians became involved in Asia the less of a threat they would be in Europe, he strongly encouraged them to embark on what he called their 'great civilising mission'." - 301

Chapter 24 - Lion of Tashkent

• "Cherniaev reasoned that once the imperial flag had been raised over Tashkent the Tsar would be loath to see it hauled down. He therefore recommended that the city should once again become an independent khanate, but from now on under Russian protection." - 311
• "Looking back now, it is obvious that from the moment General Kaufman took up his new post as Governor-General of Turkestan the days of the independent khanates of Central Asia were numbered." - 314
• May 2, 1868: "Samarkand was absorbed into the Russian Empire...The capture of this legendary city, with its dazzling architectural splendours, including the tomb of Tamerlane himself, was seen as the settling of an ancient score." - 315

Chapter 25 - Spies Along the Silk Road

• "Chinese Turkestan, or Sinkiang as it is today called, had long been part of the Chinese Empire. However, the central authorities' hold over it had always been tenuous, for the Muslim population had nothing in common with their Manchu rulers and everything in common with their ethnic cousins in Bokhara, Khokand and Khiva, lying on the far side of the Pamirs." - 321-2
• "It was at that moment that a remarkable Muslim adventurer named Yakub Beg, claiming direct descent from Tamerlane, arrived on the scene." - 322

Chapter 26 - The Feel of Cold Steel Across His Throat

• "So it was that the Russians, in a period of just ten years, had annexed a territory half the size of the United States, and erected a defensive barrier across central Asia stretching from the Caucasus in the west to Khokand and Kuldja in the east." - 353
• "The vast markets for European goods which both the British and the Russians had believed to exist in the region were to prove illusory. It soon became clear, moreover, that Yakub Beg was merely stringing his two powerful neighbors along" - 354

Chapter 27 - A Physician from the North

Chapter 28 - Captain Burnaby's Ride to Khiva

• "General Stolietov...cautioned the Emir against receiving any British missions, at the same time promising him the support of 30,000 Russian troops if the need arose." - 382

Chapter 29 - Bloodbath at the Bala Hissar

• After facing 100,000 Afghani tribesmen, the British "decided to offer Abdur Rahman [grandson of Dost Mohammed] the throne. Talks followed, and an agreement was reached. Under the terms of this, the British would withdraw from Kabul, leaving a Muslim agent as their sole representative. In return Abdur Rahman agreed to have no relations with any foreign power other than Britain" - 397

Chapter 30 - The Last Stand of the Turcomans

• "After an agonised debate, the once-proud Turcomans, for so long the lords of Transcaspia, agreed to surrender their capital [of Merv] and submit to the rule of St Petersburg." - 414
• "Once again the Russians were gambling on Gladstone's Liberals not going beyond their customary remonstrances on finding themselves confronted by a fait accompli. The announcement [of Merv's submission], however, did not take the British government entirely by surprise, even if it was in no position, with a major crisis on its hands in the Sudan, to do much about it." - 415

Chapter 31 - To the Brink of War

Chapter 32 - The Railway to the East

• "Work on this line [Transcaspian Railway] had begun in 1880 on the orders of General Skobelev when he was preparing for his advance on Geok-Tepe." - 438
• George Nathaniel Curzon, a "young and ambitious Tory backbencher", said after travelling along the Railway that Russia's "real objective was not Calcutta but Constantinople. 'To keep England quiet in Europe by keeping her employed in Asia,' he declared, 'That, briefly put, is the sum and substance of Russian policy.'" - 446

Chapter 33 - Where Three Empires Meet

• "The Tsar's generals had begun to show an alarming interest in that lofty no-man's-land where the Hindu Kush, Pamirs, Karakorams and Himalayas converged, and where three great empires -- those of Britain, Russia and China -- met." - 449

Chapter 34 - Flashpoint in the High Pamirs

Chapter 35 - The Race for Chitral

Chapter 36 - The Beginning of the End

• "It was to Tibet...that the focus of the Great Game now shifted, as word was received in India that twice within twelve months an emissary from the Dalai Lama had visited St Petersburg, where he had been warmly welcomed by the Tsar." - 505
• "For many months the Japanese had watched with growing apprehension the Russian military and naval build-up in the Far East...the Japanese High Command decided to do what the British, wisely or otherwise, had never risked doing in Central Asia. This was to meet the Russian threat head on. On February 8, 1904, the Japanese struck without warning. Their target was the great Russian naval base at Port Arthur. The Russo-Japanese War had begun." - 509

Chapter 37 - End-game

• May 26, 1905: "the two fleets met in the Tsushima Straits, which divide Japan from Korea. The outcome was catastrophic for the Russians. In the space of a few hours they suffered one of the worst defeats in naval history" - 516
• September 5, 1905: "a peace treaty was signed at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, between the warring parties [, Russia and Japan]. This effectively brought to an end the Tsarist Russia's forward policy in Asia." - 517
• December 1905: "the Liberals drove the Tories from power. The new Cabinet, headed by Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, was genuinely determined to reach a permanent accommodation with the Russians." - 519
• August 31, 1907: "amid great secrecy, the historic Anglo-Russian Convention was signed in St Petersburg by [Russian Foreign Minister] Count Izvolsky and Sir Arthur Nicolson, the British Ambassador." - 521

The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia by Peter Hopkirk - Chs. 18-22

Chapter 18 - Night of the Long Knives

• "In addition to its heavy commitment in Afghanistan, in China the first of the Opium Wars was well into it second year, while nearer to home there were serious troubles brewing with both France and the United States." - 233
• November 1, 1841: Alexander Burnes is warned by a Kashmiri assistant that "an attempt was to be made on his life that night. It was Burnes whom many Afghans held responsible for bringing the British to Afghanistan" - 239

Chapter 19 - Catastrophe

• "According to his friend Mohan Lal, Burnes had viewed the situation as anything but tranquil, even if he had gravely underestimated his own personal danger that night. On the previous evening he had declared that 'the time is not very far off when we must leave this country.'" - 245
• "Mohan Lal was authorised to offer a reward of 10,000 rupees to anyone who succeeded in assassinating one of the principal rebel leaders." - 246
• "Mohammed Akbar Khan, favourite son of the exiled Dost Mohammed, was on his way from Turkestan to take personal command of what had now become a full-scale insurrection against the British and their puppet ruler." - 247
• "Whereas it has become apparent from recent events that the continuance of the British Army in Afghanistan for the support of Shah Shujah is displeasing to the great majority of the Afghan nation, and whereas the British Government had no other object in sending troops to this country than the integrity, happiness and welfare of the Afghans, it can have no wish to remain when that object is defeated by its presence." - Mohammed Akbar Khan, 252

Chapter 20 -Massacre in the Passes

• January 1, 1842: "an agreement was signed with Akbar under which he guaranteed the safety of the departing British, and promised to provide them with an armed escort to protect them from the hostile tribes through whose territories they must pass." - 259
• "Dr. Brydon was the only one of the 16,000 souls who had left Kabul to complete the terrible course and reach Jalalabad in safety -- and the first, on that fateful thirteenth day of January, 1842, to break the news of the disaster which had overtaken Elphinstone's army to a horrified nation." - 268

Chapter 21 - The Last Hours of Conolly and Stoddart

• "Far from establishing a friendly rule in Afghanistan to buttress India against Russian encroachments, it had led instead to one of the worst disasters ever to overtake a British army...It was a devastating blow to British pride and prestige." - 270
• "With Shah Shujah dead, Kabul was now kingless, and Pollock, the senior of the two commanders [who had retaken the city on September 15], who had been invested with political authority by Lord Ellenborough, immediately placed Shujah's son Futteh on the throne, thereby making him too a British puppet." - 275
• October 11, 1842: the British "hauled down the Union Jack over Bala Hissar, and the next morning the first units marched away from Kabul. The First Afghan War, as historians now call it, was finally over. Within three months Shah Shujah's son had been overthrown, and Dost Mohammed was allowed by the British to return unconditionally to the throne from which he had been removed at such terrible cost...Events had come full circle." - 277

Chapter 22 - Half-time

• "The Russians pushed forward their line of fortresses across the lawless Kazakh Steppe....The British were even more active during this period of detente. In 1843, following their humiliation in Afghanistan, they had seized Sind -- 'like a bully who has been kicked in the street and goes home to beat his wife in revenge,' observed one critic." - 282
• March 2, 1855: "as the Russian surrender [in the Crimean War] became inevitable, Tsar Nicholas, whose attack on Turkey had begun the war, sunk deeper and deeper into despair. He finally died in the Winter Palace, from where he had personally commanded the Russian forces...Officially the cause was said to be influenza, but many believed that he had taken poison rather than witness the defeat of his beloved army." - 286
• October 25, 1856: Herat falls to the Persians - 288
• August 1858: "in an attempt to resolve the deep resentments and antagonisms which had led to the Mutiny, the British government passed the India Act, abolishing the powers of the [East India] Company and transferring all authority to the Crown." - 291

The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia by Peter Hopkirk, Chs. 10-17

Chapter 10 - "The Great Game"

• January 14, 1831: Lieutenant Arthur Conolly, "British officer in disguise...of the 6th Bengal Native Light Cavalry -- and the first of Lord Ellenborough's young bloods to be sent...to reconnoitre the military and political no-man's-land between the Caucasus and the Khyber [Pass]" returns to India; coined the term "Great Game" - 123
• September 1830: Conolly reaches Herat, "which no British officer had seen since Christie's clandestine visit twenty years earlier" - 128
• "It was at this moment that Wellington's government fell, taking Ellenborough with it, and the Whigs came to power." - 134
• January 21, 1831: Lieutenant Alexander Burnes sails from Kutch to see Ranjit Singh - 134

Chapter 11 - Enter "Bokhara" Burnes

• "A dazzling reception awaited Burnes in Lahore, Ranjit being as anxious to maintain cordial relations with the British as they were anxious to keep on the right side of their powerful Sikh neighbour." - 136
• Burnes discovers "that the Indus was navigable for flat-bottomed craft," and "it was decided to proceed with plans to open up the great waterway to shipping, so that British goods could eventually compete with Russian ones in Turkestan and elsewhere in Central Asia." - 139
• February 20, 1833: "just as Burnes arrive in Calcutta to report to the Governor-General on the results of his reconnaissance into Central Asia, a large fleet of Russia warships dropped anchor off Constantinople, causing profound dismay in London and in India. This was the final outcome of a chain of events which had begun in 1831, following a revolt in Egypt...against the Sultan's rule." - 149

Chapter 12 - The Greatest Fortress in the World

• "Under the terms of a treaty signed in the summer of 1833, Turkey had been reduced...to little more than a protectorate of the Tsar's." - 154
• "Not for nothing had one Russian general described the Caucasus as 'the greatest fortress in the world.'" - 155
• "It was around this time that the Russians began to claim that there were British agents operating among the Circassians, supplying them with arms, advising them and encouraging them to resist. Indeed, in addition to its cargo of salt, they alleged that the Vixen had been found to be carrying weapons intended for the rebellious tribesmen." - 158
• "As the arch-Russophobe of the day...he [Urquhart] had done much to turn British public opinion against St Petersburg, and to deepen the growing rift between the two powers. Indeed, the modern Soviet historians lay some of the blame for today's problems in the Caucasus on British interference in the region" - 161-2
• Lord Durham said, "The power of Russia had been greatly exaggerated....There is not one element of strength which is not directly counterbalanced by a corresponding...weakness....In fact her power is solely of the defensive kind. Leaning on and covered by the impregnable fortress with which nature has endowed her -- her climate and her deserts -- she is invincible, as Napoleon discovered to his cost." - 162
• "within a very short time of his arrival in Persia [Sir John McNeill, new Minister to Teheran], the Russians began to make shadowy moves towards Herat and Kabul, the two principle gateways leading to British India. The Great Game was about to enter a new and more dangerous phase." - 164

Chapter 13 - The Mysterious Vitkevich

• "it was no secret in Teheran that it was he [Count Simonich] who had urged the Shah to march on Herat, which Persia had long claimed, and wrest it" - 166
• "All of a sudden Kabul too was at risk. If [Captain Yan] Vitkevich was successful in winning over Dost Mohammed, then the Russians would have succeeded, in one spectacular leap, in clearing the formidable barriers of desert, mountain and hostile tribes which lay between themselves and British India." - 167
• "Ever since the collapse of the great Durrani empire, which had been founded by Ahmad Shah in the middle of the eighteenth century, Afghanistan had been at the centre of an intense and unceasing struggle for power." - 167-8
• "Addressing Dost Mohammad as though he was a naughty schoolboy, and instructing him on whom he might or might not have dealings with, Auckland [Governor-General of India] offered him nothing in return besides Britain's vague goodwill. Despite his anger, however, Dost Mohammed managed to keep his composure, still evidently hopeful that the British could be won round" to returning Peshawar to him - 171

Chapter 14 - Hero of Herat

• August 18, 1837: "His skin darkened with dye, and posing as a Muslim holy man, Lieutenant Eldred Pottinger...entered Herat on a routine Great Game reconnaissance....Aged 26, and the nephew of that veteran of the game Colonel Henry Pottinger, he had been sent into Afghanistan to gather intelligence." - 175
• "in the Persian camp, Count Simonich cast aside any remaining pretence of being there simply as a diplomatic observer and personally took over direction of the faltering siege" of Herat - 181

Chapter 15 - The Kingmakers

• "Having thus forced the Russians and Persians to back off, the British might have been well advised to leave it at that. But from the moment that Dost Mohammed spurned Lord Auckland's ultimatum, and officially received Vitkevich, he was considered in London and Calcutta to have thrown in his lot with the Russians...it was decided that he must be forcibly removed from his throne and replaced by someone more compliant." - 188
• June 1838: "a secret agreement was signed by Ranjit Singh, [Shah] Shujah and Great Britain, swearing eternal friendship and giving approval to the plan" to replace Dost Mohammad with Shujah - 190
• October 1, 1838: "Auckland issued the so-called Simla Manifesto in which he made public Britain's intention of forcibly removing Dost Mohammed from the throne and replacing him with Shujah. In justification of this, Dost Mohammed was portrayed as an untrustworthy villain...and Shujah as a loyal friend" - 190
• "To occupy Afghanistan would not only be prohibitively expensive...but it would also push the Persians even further into the welcoming arms of the Russians. The Duke of Wellington for one was strongly against it, warning that where the military successes ended the political difficulties would begin." - 192
• June 30, 1839: after taking Ghazni, "Keane resumed his march, and a week later, opposed only by a line of abandoned cannon, the British appeared before the walls of Kabul. Dost Mohammed, they found, had fled, and the capital surrendered without a shot being fired." - 200

Chapter 16 - The Race for Khiva

• "in the coming years 'scientific expeditions' were frequently to serve as covers for Russian Great Game activities, while the British preferred to send their officers...on 'shooting leave', thus enabling them to be disowned if necessary." - 204
• December 24, 1839: Captain James Abbott sets off for Khiva, it being his responsibility "to convince the Khan of the urgent need to jettison the slaves before Perovsky advanced too far to turn back." - 205
• February 1, 1840: "the [Russian] general gave orders for the exhausted and depleted columns to turn about and head back to Orenburg." - 208
• "Few in Britain or India were willing to see that it was largely panic over Britain's own forward move in Afghanistan which had driven St Petersburg into such precipitate action over Khiva." - 210

Chapter 17 - The Freeing of the Slaves

• "Until news of Eldred Pottinger's role in Herat's defense reached Khiva, few if any Khivans had ever heard of them....Many believed them merely to be a sub-tribe, or a vassal state, of the Russians." - 213
• "Accompanied by a number of Russian slaves...[Abbott] was to proceed to...St Petersburg where he would negotiate on Khan's behalf the return of the rest of the slaves. These would be freed if the Tsar agreed to abandon all military operations against Khiva and to return the Khivan hostages held at Orenburg." - 217
• August 3, 1840: Lieutenant Richmond Shakespear, sent to Khiva after lack of word from Abbott, records, "The Khan...has made over to me all the Russian prisoners, and I am to take them to a Russian fort on the eastern shore of the Caspian." - 222
• November 3, 1840: "Shakespear arrived in St Petersburg en route for London...It was no secret in court circles...that privately the Tsar was infuriated by the young British officer's unsolicited but now widely published act. For just as Shakespear's superiors had hoped, it effectively removed any excuse which St Petersburg might have had for advancing again on Khiva" - 227

Truman by David McCullough

• "After three years on the farm, he joined the Masons...Harry was elected to receive degrees at the Belton Lodge on January 30, 1909. By March, having  become 'letter perfect' in the ritual, he passed to Master Mason." - 78
• "It is a race prejudice I guess. But I am strongly of the opinion that negroes ought to be in Africa, yellow men in Asia, and white men in Europe and America." - Harry S Truman, 86
• "To succeed financially a man can't have any heart. To succeed politically he must be an egoist or a fool or a ward boss tool." - HST, 90
• "At Angers[, France], to his total surprise, he learned he had been made a captain months earlier. No one had bothered to tell him. He only found out when he saw it reported in The New York Times." - 116
• "Harry had been ordered to take up a position about a mile closer to the German lines and prepare to fire a gas barrage. So his first action would be to shell the enemy with poison gas." - 121
• "He had been more at home in the older era. He never learned to like the telephone, or daylight saving time, an innovation adopted during the war. He tried to use a typewriter for a while, but gave it up." - 141
• as presiding judge of Jackson County[, Missouri], "He would build the best roads in the state, if not the country, he vowed, and see they were built honestly." - 176
• during his 1934 Senate campaign, "He talked of the capitalist domination of government in bygone Republican times, praised the determination of FDR to end the 'rule of the rich' and give the average American a chance." - 206
• "he voted with the Democratic majority time after time, helping to pass some of the most far-reaching legislation in the history of Congress. He never once spoke for a measure, never took part in debate. He just voted" - 218
• December 20, 1937: "Senator Truman delivered the second of his assaults on corporate greed and corruption...he attacked the power of Wall Street and the larger evil of money worship, sounding at times not unlike his boyhood hero, William Jennings Bryan." - 231-2
• "It is a pity that Wall Street, with its ability to control all the wealth of the nation and to hire the best law brains in the country, has not produced some statesmen, some men who could see the dangers of bigness and of the concentration of the control of wealth. Instead of working to meet the situation, they are still using the best law brains to serve greed and self interest. People can stand only so much and one of these days there will be a settlement." - HST, 233
• "There is no indispensable man in a democracy...When a republic comes to a point where a man is indispensable, then we have a Caesar." - HST, 244
• "Truman was by now a member of both the Military Affairs Committee and the Military Subcommittee of the Appropriations Committee. In September [1941] he had voted for the first peacetime draft." - 254
• "Its formal title was the Senate Special Committee to Investigate the National Defense Program, but from the start it was spoken of almost exclusively as the Truman Committee." - 259
• "If we see that Germany is winning we ought to help Russia, and if Russia is winning we ought to help Germany, and that way let them kill as many as possible, although I don't want to see Hitler victorious under any circumstances." - HST, 262
• "Again at Chicago [during the DNC in 1944], as so consistently through the Truman career, it had been the system of politics, the boss system, that counted in deciding his fate." - 321
• "Stimson [Secretary of War] told Truman what the committee had stressed, and what all his senior military advisers were saying, that it was the 'shock value' of the weapon that would stop the war. Nothing short of that would work." - 395
• "'I am anxious to bring home to you that the world is no longer county-size, no longer state-size, no longer nation-size...It is a world in which we must all get along.' On July 2, he went before the Senate to urge the ratification of the United Nations Charter: 'It comes from the reality of experience in a world where one generation has failed twice to keep the peace.'" - 402
• At Potsdam, "He, Churchill, and their combined Chiefs of Staff decided that Vietnam, or Indochina, would, 'for operational purposes,' be divided, with China in charge north of the 16th parallel and British forces in the southern half, leaving little chance for the unification or independence of Vietnam and ample opportunity for the return of the French." - 452
• "He asked for national compulsory health insurance to be funded by payroll deductions. Under the system, all citizens would receive medical and hospital service irrespective of their ability to pay." - 473-4
• July 25, 1947: "Congress passed Truman's sweeping National Security Act, legislation he had sent to the Hill in February and that would mean mammoth change for the whole structure of power in Washington. Its primary purpose was to unify the armed services under a single Department of Defense and a single Secretary of Defense...It also established the Air Force as a separate military service, set up a new National Security Council, and gave formal authorization to the Central Intelligence Agency." - 566
• "He had faced the pressures of the Palestine issue, the increasing threat of war over Berlin, watched his popularity disintegrate in the polls, seen himself portrayed in the press as inept and pathetic. His party was broke. And now the New Dealers were abandoning him, and noisily. No President in memory, not even Herbert Hoover in his darkest days, had been treated with such open contempt by his own party." - 633
• "If you can't stand the heat, you better get out of the kitchen." - HST, 633
• "Truman liked to move fast. Roosevelt, because of his infirmities, had preferred a smooth, easy pace of no more than 35 miles an hour when travelling in the [Ferdinand] Magellan[, the presidential train car]. Truman liked to go about 80." - 656
• "Republicans in Washington have a habit of becoming curiously deaf to the voice of the people. They have a hard time hearing what the ordinary people of the country are saying. But they have no trouble at all hearing what Wall Street is saying." - HST, 661
• introducing the Point Four Program, "The material resources which we can afford to use for assistance of other peoples are limited. But our imponderable resources in technical knowledge are constantly growing and are inexhaustible....Democracy alone can supply the vitalizing force to stir the peoples of the world into triumphant action, not only against their human oppressors but also against their ancient enemies -- hunger, misery, and despair." - HST, 731
• "as Winston Churchill noted in a speech in London, the full allied force of twelve divisions in Western Europe faced a soviet threat of eighty divisions. The NATO allies were exceedingly concerned lest the United States become too involved in distant Korea." - 790
• "If 'victory' in Korea meant risking a world war -- a war of atomic bombs -- Truman would settle for no victory in Korea. That was the line he had drawn. There was a substitute for victory: it was peace. And he would stand by his policy of limited war for that specific objective." - 856
• 1969: "His books became his life more and more...What would her father's idea of heaven have been, Margaret would be asked years later. 'Oh,' she said, 'to have a good comfortable chair, a good reading lamp, and lots of books around that he wanted to read.'" - 986
• "Born in the Gilded age, the age of steam and gingerbread Gothic, Truman had lived to see a time of lost certainties and rocket trips to the moon. The arc of his life spanned more change in the world that in any prior period in history." - 991

Power, Faith, and Fantasy: America in the Middle East 1776 to the Present by Michael B. Oren

• 1625: "the earliest documented attack [on New World merchants] occurred...when Moroccan corsairs captured a merchant ship sailing from the North American colonies." - 19
• "French leaders were keen to promote their own Mediterranean trade and feared the impact of American competition," so they did not assist the young U.S. against Barbary pirates, in spite of the 1778 Franco-American Treaty of Alliance - 21
• John Adams, minister to Tripoli, on war with North African pirates, "We ought not to fight them [the Barbary States] at all unless we determine to fight them forever" - 27
• "Under the specter of imprisoned sailors in North Africa and imperiled American ships, delegates from twelve of the thirteen states gathered in Philadelphia in May 1787. Their purpose was to consider replacing the Articles of Confederation with a more centralized national character -- to rectify the very weakness that had humbled the United States before Barbary" - 29
• March 27, 1794: "Washington signed into law a bill authorizing an outlay of $688,888.82 for the building of six frigates 'adequate for the protection of the commerce of the United States against Algerian corsairs.'" - 35
• 1902: "The term 'Middle East' was coined by an American admiral....Before that time, Americans (and Europeans) spoke of the area as simply 'the East' or, more commonly, 'the Orient.'" - 41
• 1800: William Bainbridge takes the George Washington to Algiers to deliver tribute and is forced to convey the Algerians' own tribute to the Ottomans;  he "thus became the first American serviceman to behold the epicenter of Ottoman power [Istanbul]" - 53
• "Jefferson maintained the hope of building an international coalition against Barbary, of working 'in rotation' with the European powers to rid the Mediterranean of corsairs." - 54
• May 14, 1801: Tripoli declares war with the U.S. - 55
• September 1801: William "Eaton [ first consul to Tunis]...met Hamid Qaramanli, the exiled brother of Tripoli's sovereign...[and] suggested that the United States help Hamid reclaim his rightful throne and retain him as a trustworthy ally." - 65
• 1823: Pliny Fisk opens the first American-style school in Lebanon - 94
• "In Lebanon, opposition to the Americans' activities mounted from the Maronites, a Catholic sect traditionally associated with France and which ran its own lycee-style schools." - 95
• "While the struggle against North Africa compelled Americans to choose between bribing the pirates and fighting them, the Greek war [for independence] posed an even more fundamental question. Should the United States give precedence to its economic interests in the Middle East or should it forget financial considerations and uphold its democratic ideals?" - 108
• May 7, 1830: "America's first-ever Treaty of Navigation and Commerce with the Ottoman Empire. This granted extraterritorial rights ('capitulations') to the United States and permission to trade in the Black Sea." - 115
• "A common word for cloth in the Persian Gulf area was merkani and in Turkey, americano." - 116
• "American missionaries in the Middle East viewed Manifest Destiny not as a blueprint for conquering territory but rather as a warrant for capturing souls and minds." - 131
• in response to an attack on an American family's farm in 1858, the U.S. send consul Edwin "De Leon [who] was also a Jew, a member of a venerable Sephardic family who owed his post to the State Department's now established notion that Jews formed a natural link between Christian American and the Muslim Middle East." - 167
• "The same urge to safeguard the United States from the ecological devastation of the Middle East led [George Perkins] Marsh to pioneer the American conservationist movement and the creation of a national research institute on nature, the Smithsonian." - 169
• January 1863: while the U.S. was occupied with the Civil War and unable to enforce the Monroe Doctrine, "Emperor Napoleon III...dispatched thirty thousand troops to Vera Cruz with orders to occupy Mexico City. With them marched a battalion of five hundred Egyptians whose services had been volunteered by the Egyptian ruler Sa'id Pasha" - 186-7
• with the assistance of veterans of the American Civil War, "By 1873, Egypt had all the appurtenances of a late nineteenth-century Western-style army, including staff and naval colleges, commands for submarines and mines, and a system for conveying orders." - 199
• "A total of forty-eight Civil War officers, both blue and gray, worked, explored, and, occasionally fought for Egypt. They built an army, erected schools, and blazed new trails into Africa." - 208
• 1868: "Though the documentary record on the episode is vague, the first American attempt to assist Arabs in achieving independence occurred in Syria" - 247
• August 4, 1873: "Ottomans opened the first Middle Eastern embassy in Washington" - 249
• On Britain's invasion of Egypt, 1882, "Though American warships were not involved in the attack, their very presence in Egyptian waters that July, genially exchanging salutes with British destroyers, indicated the degree to which Washington had resigned itself to Egypt's inevitable submission." - 262
• "The missionaries' failure was illuminated by the case of Alexander Russell Webb. A former New Yorker and consul to the Philippines, Webb converted from Presbyterianism to Islam in 1888. He returned to his native city five years later, stout, bearded, and turbaned, and proceeded to establish one of the nation's first mosques and Muslim newspapers." - 287
• "The symbiosis of faith and power in America's Middle East involvement became increasingly pronounced toward the end of the nineteenth century." - 290
• 1883: "Persia's Qajar rulers appealed to Washington for help in resisting British and Russian attempts to dominate the country." - 290
• "Nations, in his [Teddy Roosevelt's] worldview, were like individuals, some weak and others stalwart, and the latter were obliged to defend the former." - 311
• January 1906: responding to German-French disputes over primacy in Morocco, "the United States, which had never participated in the great-power conferences on the Middle East, became a cosponsor of the international deliberations on Morocco that convened in Algericas, Spain." - 316
• After Teddy Roosevelt's speech in Cairo in 1910 support British rule and dissuading Egyptian nationalists, "Hundreds of those nationalists subsequently gathered outside the former president's hotel for the first major anti-American demonstration ever in the Middle East." - 318
• "Just as the Wilson administration extended assistance to the Armenians irrespective of their political aspirations, so did it relieve the Yishuv [Palestinian-Jewish population] without ever taking a position on Zionism. But as American doughboys marched to the front in Europe, and as European statesmen secretly drafted maps of the postwar Middle East, Washington found that it could no longer remain nonpartisan on Palestine." - 359

** I stopped taking notes after WWI because the author admits in the introduction that his coverage of post-WWI Middle East is weak in comparison to other books on the subject. **

The Souls of Black Folk by W.E.B. Du Bois

• "To the real question, How does it feel to be a problem? I answer seldom a word." - 4
• "few men ever worshiped Freedom with half such unquestioning faith as did the American Negro for two centuries." - 7
• "To be a poor man is hard, but to be a poor race in a land of dollars is the very bottom of hardships." - 11
• "The problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color-line, -- the relation of the darker to the lighter races of men in Asia and Africa, in America and the islands of the sea." - 15
• "The two great obstacles which confronted the [Freedman's Bureau] officials were the tyrant and the idler, -- the slaveholder who was determined to perpetuate slavery under another name; and the freedman who regarded freedom as perpetual rest, -- the Devil and the Deep Sea." - 33
• "This is an age of unusual economic development, and Mr. [Booker T.] Washington's programme naturally takes an economic cast, becoming a gospel of Work and Money to such an extent as apparently completely to overshadow the higher aims of life." - 52
• "The mass of those to whom slavery was a dim recollection of childhood found the world a puzzling thing: it asked little of them, and they answered with little, and yet it ridiculed their offering." - 70
• On a changing Atlanta, "she lay gray and still on the crimson soil of Georgia; then the blue smoke began to curl from her chimneys, the tinkle of bell and scream of whistle broke the silence, the rattle and roar of busy life slowly gathered and swelled, until the seething whirl of the city seemed a strange thing in a sleepy land." - 76
• "in all our Nations striving is not the Gospel of Work befouled by the Gospel of Pay?" - 78
• "the habit is forming of interpreting the world in dollars....the sudden transformation of a fair far-off ideal of freedom into the hard reality of bread winning and the consequent deification of Bread." - 81
• "to seek to make the blacksmith a scholar is almost as silly as the more modern scheme of making the scholar a blacksmith; almost, but not quite." - 85
• "shall we teach them trades, or train them in the liberal arts? Neither and both: teach the workers to work and the thinkers to think; make carpenters of carpenters, and philosophers of philosophers, and fops of fools." - 87
• "Progress in human affairs is more often a pull than a push, a surging forward of the exceptional man, and the lifting of his duller brethren slowly and painfully to his vantage-ground." - 96
• In regards to opposition to higher education for blacks (cf. Booker T. Washington), "If white people need colleges to furnish teachers, ministers, lawyers and doctors, do black people need nothing of the sort?" - 104
• "a pall of debt hangs over the beautiful land; the merchants are in debt to the wholesalers, the planters are in debt to the merchants, the tenants owe the planters, and laborers bow and bend beneath the burden of it all." - 127
• "America is not another word for Opportunity to all her sons." - 144
• "The rush to town since 1880 is the counter-movement of men disappointed in the economic opportunities of the Black Belt." - 154
• "For we must never forget that the economic system of the South to-day which has succeeded the old regime is not the same system as that of the old industrial North, of England, or of France, with their trade-unions, the restrictive laws, their written and unwritten commercial customs, and their long experience. It is, rather, a copy of that England of the early nineteenth century, before the factory acts" - 170
• "we must not forget that under a strict slave system there can scarcely be such a thing as crime. But when these variously constituted human particles are suddenly thrown broadcast on the sea of life, some swim, some sink, and some hang suspended, to be forced up or down by the chance currents of a busy hurrying world." - 178
• "The nineteenth was the first century of human sympathy, -- the age when half wonderingly we began to descry in others that transfigured spark of divinity which we call Myself; when clodhoppers and peasants, and tramps and thieves, and millionaires and -- sometimes -- Negroes, become throbbing souls" - 219-20
• So woefully unorganized is sociological knowledge that the meaning of progress, the meaning of "swift" and "slow" in human doing, and the limits of human perfectibility, are veiled, unanswered sphinxes on the shores of science." - 265

Martin Van Buren by Ted Widmer

• "When he was elected in 1836, Van Buren became the first chief executive from New York, and the first ethnic president," being a native Dutch-speaker - 6
• "One of his most courageous decisions was his refusal to join the stampede for admitting Texas, with all of its slave territory, into the union. It cost him the presidency and he knew it, but he stuck to his guns." - 12
• "Between 1837 and 1841, Americans encountered three important reality checks that suddenly made the future less appetizing. The Panic of 1837 taught that capitalism was fallible. The Log Cabin campaign of 1840, with it false promises and hard cider entreaties, taught that democracy was fallible. And rising rage over slavery taught that the Union itself was fallible." - 16
• "At twenty-nine, he was the second youngest [state] senator ever elected in New York. From then until the end of his presidency, he would serve almost continuously in government service." - 37
• "From the moment he started his career, he was he friend of the small farmer. As Franklin Roosevelt would do a century later, he tried to ease the credit burden on rural producers who were cash poor. In particular, he lashed out at the common practice of imprisonment for debt, which in his opinion was the same thing as a jail sentence 'for the misfortune of being poor, of being unable to satisfy the all-digesting stomach of some ravenous creditor.'" - 42
• "Back in 1813, in his first year as a state senator, Van Buren helped to found a newspaper, the Albany Argus" - 47
• 1821: "Van Buren ran for the U.S. Senate and won a difficult victory." - 49
• "Van Buren had laid the foundation for what would become Jacksonian Democracy in only a few short years. With his ideas about party discipline, communications, and enlarged suffrage, he had shown other like-minded individuals how to take democracy beyond the periwigs of the eighteenth century." - 51
• "Far beyond anything that had existed before, Van Buren envisioned a national structure, tethered together by speedy communications and tight message control" - 56
• "Those who have wrought great changes in the world never succeeded by gaining over chiefs; but always by exciting the multitude. The first is the resource of intrigue and produces only secondary results, the second is the resort of genius and transforms the universe." - Van Buren, 72
• "The Democratic Party, still in its infancy, was a stool with three legs. There were Westerners that Jackson had brought in, Southerners under the sway of Calhoun, and Old School Jeffersonians around Van Buren" - 75
• As Jackson's Secretary of State, "this flattering smooth-talker was good at diplomacy, and before long he had resolved two major problems favorably, winning reciprocal trade benefits from the United Kingdom in the West Indies and securing a large payment of 25 million francs from France for indemnities dating back to Napoleon." - 80
• August 16, 1831: "Van Buren sailed for England [as the newly appointed, and soon rejected by the Senate, minister]...happy to enjoy 'the quietude of a midsummer Ocean' after twenty years of unceasing political infighting." - 83
• "Van Buren's idea of a two-party system received support from an unlikely source -- a new party that sprang into existence for the express purpose of defeating Jackson and Van Buren. The Whigs, as they were ultimately known (for opposing Jackson as the revolutionary Whigs had opposed George III), were an unlikely batch of Northern quasi-Federalists and Southern states' rightists, allied more through alienation than shared principles." - 87
• "At the age of fifty-three, Martin Van Buren was in the ascendant. He was the youngest president elected to date." - 90
• "He aimed for stability, keeping many of Jackson's appointees and leaning South with new choices. Balance always." - 93
• March 17, 1837: New York merchant Philip "Hone wrote, 'The great crisis is near at hand, if it has not already arrived.' Over the next month, prices rose and financial houses fell like stacks of cards." - 96
• "Van Buren inherited a superheated economy that was completely unregulated in some ways and draconically controlled in others [cf. Specie Circular]" - 101
• "he called for Congress to meet in September to take special measures to alleviate the crisis. It was the first special session ever called that did not address a military crisis." - 102
• "Van Buren issued an executive order demanding that the slaves [from the Amistad] be taken to a naval vessel, to hasten their return to their Spanish owners" - 121
• March 31, 1840: "Van Buren issued an executive order creating a ten-hour day for federal workers, a dramatic step forward when many employees worked from sunrise to sunset." - 131
• "In the spring of 1839, the phrase 'OK' began to circulate in Boston as shorthand for 'oll korrect,' a slangy way of saying 'all right.' Early in 1840, Van Buren's supporters began to use the trendy expression to identify their candidate, whom they labored to present as 'Old Kinderhook,' perhaps in imitation of Jackson's Old Hickory." - 140
• "The Free Soil campaign was America's first great third party effort." - 155
• "He lingered into the [Civil] war's second year, and then expired at 2 a.m. on July 24, 1862, a day and a half after Lincoln read the first draft of his Emancipation Proclamation to a startled cabinet." - 164

The Road to Serfdom by F.A. Hayek

• "Whatever merits this book possesses consist not in the reiteration of this thesis but in the patient and detailed examination of the reasons why economic planning will produce such unlooked-for results and of the process by which they come about." - 43-4, 1956 Forward
• "The essence of the liberal position, however, is the denial of all privilege, if privilege is understood in its proper and original meaning of the state granting and protecting rights to some which are not available on equal terms to others." - 46, 1956 Forward
• "Few are ready to recognize that the rise of fascism and naziism was not a reaction against the socialist trends of the preceding period but a necessary outcome of those tendencies." - 59
• "'Freedom' and 'liberty' are now words so worn with use and abuse that one must hesitate to employ them to express the ideals for which they stood....'Tolerance' is, perhaps, the only word which still preserves the full meaning of the principle" - 68
• "Probably nothing has done so much harm to the liberal cause as the wooden insistence of some liberals on certain rough rules of the thumb, above all the principle of laissez faire." - 71
• "We have in effect undertaken to dispense with the forces which produced unforeseen results and to replace the impersonal and anonymous mechanism of the market by collection and 'conscious' direction of all social forces to deliberately chosen goals." - 73
• "Nobody saw more clearly than Tocqueville that democracy as an essentially individualist institution stood in an irreconcilable conflict with socialism: 'Democracy extends the sphere of individual freedom,' he said in 1848, "socialism restricts it. Democracy attaches all possible value to each man; socialism makes each man a mere agent, a mere number. Democracy and socialism have nothing in common but one word: equality. But notice the difference: while democracy seeks equality in liberty, socialism seeks equality in restraint and servitude.'" - 77
• "socialism means the abolition of private enterprise, of private ownership of the means of production, and the creation of a system of 'planned economy' in which the entrepreneur working for profit is replaced by a central planning body." - 83
• "The liberal argument is in favor of making the best possible use of the forces of competition as a means of coordinating human efforts, not an argument for leaving things just as they are." - 85
• "What in effect unites the socialists of the Left and the Right is this common hostility to competition and their common desire to replace it by a directed economy." - 88-9
• "planning and competition can be combined only by planning for competition but not by planning against competition." - 90
• "To direct all our activities according to a single plan presupposes that every one of our needs is given its rank in an order of values which much be complete enough to make it possible to decide among all the different courses which the planner has to choose. It presupposes, in short, the existence of a complete ethical code in which all the different human values are allotted their due place." - 101
• "The point which is so important is the basic fact that it is impossible for any man to survey more than a limited field, to be aware of the urgency of more than a limited number of needs. Whether his interests center round his own physical needs, or whether he takes a warm interest in the welfare of every human being he knows, the ends about which he can be concerned will always be only an infinitesimal fraction of the needs of all men. This is the fundamental fact on which the whole philosophy of individualism is based." - 102
• "Even if...a democracy should succeed in planning every sector of economic activity, it would still have to face the problem of integrating those separate plans into a unitary whole. Many separate plans do not make a planned whole -- in fact, as the planners ought to be the first to admit, they may be worse than no plan." - 107
• "It is the price of democracy that the possibilities of conscious control are restricted to the fields where true agreement exists and that in some fields things must be left to chance." - 109
• "It may well be true that our generation talks and thinks too much of democracy and too little of the values which it serves....Democracy is essentially a means, a utilitarian device for safeguarding internal peace and individual freedom. As such it is by no means infallible or certain." - 110
• "It cannot be denied that the Rule of Law produces economic inequality -- all that can be claimed for it is that this inequality is not designed to affect particular people in a particular way." - 117
• "Central planning means that the economic problem is to be solved by the community instead of the individual; but this involves that it must also be the community, or rather its representatives, who must decide the relative importance of the different needs." - 127
• "in competition chance and good luck are often as important as skill and foresight in determining the fate of different people." - 134
• "all government affects the relative position of different people and that there is under any system scarcely an aspect of our lives which may not be affected by government action is certainly true." - 139
• "there can be no doubt that some minimum of food, shelter, and clothing, sufficient to preserve health and the capacity to work, can be assured to everybody." - 148
• "It seems to be almost the law of human nature that it is easier for people to agree on a negative program -- on the hatred of an enemy, on the envy of those better off -- than on any positive task. The contrast between the 'we' and the 'they,' the common fight against those outside the group, seems to be an essential ingredient in any creed which will solidly knit together a group for common action." - 161